Neurodevelopmental disorders
In this lesson, we’ll cover some common disorders that result from disruptions in neural development.
1) First, watch these videos:
2) Then, answer these questions to test your understanding:
1. Spina bifida is a disorder that results from disrupted formation of which of the following structures during early embryonic development?
- A. meninges
- B. neural crest
- C. vertebral arch
- D. neural tube
Show Answer
Correct answer: D
Spina bifida results from the incomplete closure or disruption in the formation of the neural tube during early embryonic development. The neural tube is the precursor to the brain and spinal cord, and when it fails to close properly, it can lead to defects such as spina bifida.
2. This is the typically the most severe form of spina bifida; it can result in complications and disability:
- A. spina bifida occulta
- B. meningocele
- C. myelomeningocele
- D. spina bifida pernicia
Show Answer
Correct answer: C
Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves disrupted formation of a structure called the neural tube. There are three types of spina bifida: myelomeningocele, meningocele, and spina bifida occulta. The latter two forms do not typically cause any symptoms. Myelomeningocele is typically the most severe form, and is more likely to result in complications and/or disability.
3. Individuals with autism have been found to show a period of unusually rapid brain growth during which stage of development?
- A. prenatal development
- B. infancy and early childhood
- C. adolescence
- D. adulthood
Show Answer
Correct answer: B
Individuals with autism often experience a period of unusually rapid brain growth in infancy and early childhood. This accelerated brain growth is linked to an atypical pattern of connectivity between brain regions. At this point, however, it’s unclear how brain overgrowth and atypical connectivity might be linked to the occurrence of the signs of autism.
4. Which of the following neurotransmitters is often implicated in ADHD, partly because many of the medications used to treat the disorder increase its levels in the brain?
- A. acetylcholine
- B. histamine
- C. dopamine
- D. GABA
Show Answer
Correct answer: C
Dopamine is often implicated in ADHD because medications that are commonly used to treat the condition, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, cause increased transmission of dopamine and norepinephrine.
5. Which of the following brain regions is thought to play a central role in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome?
- A. vermis
- B. hippocampus
- C. amygdala
- D. basal ganglia
Show Answer
Correct answer: D
The basal ganglia are deeply involved in motor control and inhibition, and dysfunction in these circuits is strongly associated with Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders.
